The field of precision medicine enables customized, patient-tailored treatments, improving the efficiency and accuracy of disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, while reducing the costs, unnecessary treatments and side effects of current treatments. The combination of organ-on-a-chip and bioprinting to develop in vitro tissue models with high content is expected to solve some of the challenges of precision medicine. In this context, the convergence of bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technologies could be an important tool to develop diagnostics and better physiologically representative that are specific to individuals and allow faster and more accurate screening of therapeutics to evaluate their efficacy and toxicity. This special issue looks at such technological advances and highlights what is needed for the field to mature to meet the various demands on the technologies described and their relevance to precision medicine.