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The environmental impact on aging: Insights from buccal mucosa and molecular biomarkers

Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor1* ,  Sara Fanijavadi2
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1 Department of Neurology, Medicin 3, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
2 Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
GPD, 4418 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.4418
Submitted: 2 August 2024 | Accepted: 13 September 2024 | Published: 23 October 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Buccal epithelial cells serve as a primary barrier against the inhalation and ingestion of harmful substances, working alongside immune system cells such as natural killer cells to protect the body from health-damaging factors. These epithelial cells can also be used as an alternative tissue source for monitoring the genotoxic effects of external factors such as chemical exposure. This assessment can be performed using molecular biomarkers of aging, which reflect biological age and indicate cellular aging acceleration due to internal and external damage factors, such as environmental hazards. In contrast to chronological age, which merely reflects the passage of time, biological age accounts for individual variation in aging processes. Molecular biomarkers are crucial for distinguishing between normal and pathological processes in the body and for identifying the effects of external factors such as chemical exposures. The identification of specific biomarkers enhances the ability to detect and monitor adverse biological responses and accelerated aging. This review aims to highlight the routes through which environmental hazards enter the body, the application of buccal epithelial cells in assessing genetic modifications, and the introduction of potential molecular biomarkers. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the roles of these biomarkers in determining aging rates and individual variability. Understanding their implications may also help identify new therapeutic targets for preventing premature aging, treating age-related diseases, and developing potential treatments.

Keywords
Aging
Buccal cell
Biomarkers
DNA damage
Exposure
Hazards
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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Gene & Protein in Disease, Electronic ISSN: 2811-003X Published by AccScience Publishing
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