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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Engineering a biocompatible 3D bone marrow niche model for drug screening in the KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia cell line MOLM-13

Lauren Hope1* ,  Alvaro Sanchez-Rubio2 ,  Catherine Berry2 ,  Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez2,3,4 ,  Mhairi Copland1 ,  Helen Wheadon1
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1 Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
2 Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
3 Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
4 Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
IJB, 026190172 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026190172
Received: 5 May 2026 | Revised: 16 June 2026 | Accepted: 25 June 2026 | Published online: 26 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprinting in Tumor Modeling, Diagnostics, and Therapy)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has the potential to fabricate highly reproducible, advanced biocompatible in vitro 3D models. It has been used successfully to emulate aspects of the bone marrow microenvironment to study leukaemia, including acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). AML is an aggressive haematological cancer which arises due to the accumulation of genetic mutations in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells within the bone marrow, leading to the production of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs). Interactions between LSCs and bone marrow stroma induce LSC quiescence, protecting them from chemotherapy. In this study, we engineered a 3D-bioprinted co-culture bone marrow model containing MOLM-13 AML cells in co-culture with two main supportive cell types: bone marrow stromal cells (HS5) and osteoblast-like cells (CAL-72). This system was used to explore the efficacy of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2/9 inhibitor fadraciclib alone and in combination with current AML therapies. Characterisation of alginate/gelatin hydrogels revealed a highly porous matrix structure, with a hydrogel stiffness within the range of human bone marrow. These hydrogels sustained MOLM-13 cells and HS5 spheroid viability for up to seven days, highlighting the suitability of this system to model bone marrow. Next, the efficacy of fadraciclib alone and in combination with current chemotherapies was assessed in two-dimensional (2D) culture and in the final 3D-bioprinted model. These data revealed that fadraciclib induced MOLM-13 cell death in both 2D and 3D culture, with a reduced level of cell death observed in 3D culture. Together, these data reveal a reproducible human bone marrow niche system, with potential for screening of novel single and combination therapies.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D bioprinting
Additive manufacturing
Bioengineering
Leukaemia
Bone marrow
Chemotherapy
Hydrogels
Spheroids
Funding
We acknowledge funding from the LifETIME CDT (grant number: EP/S02347X/1), which was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Cyclacel Ltd, and Animal Free Research UK.
Conflict of interest
Mhairi Copland has received research funding from Cyclacel and Incyte, is/has been an advisory board member for Novartis, Incyte, Ascentage, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Azurity, Crossbow, Servier and Mendus, and has received honoraria from Astellas, Novartis, Incyte, Pfizer, Janssen and Jazz Pharmaceuticals. The other authors haveno conflicts of interest to disclose.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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