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REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent advances and challenges in 3D bioprinting for skin tissue regeneration

Lingling Guo1† ,  Xingtang Niu2† ,  Nabi Bux3 ,  Yibao Li1 ,  Tao Xu4* ,  Danfeng Guo1*
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1 Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
2 Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
4 Center for Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 026210207 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026210207
Received: 23 May 2026 | Revised: 16 June 2026 | Accepted: 17 June 2026 | Published online: 28 June 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has transformed skin tissue regeneration by enabling the fabrication of skin-like structures with precisely controlled properties. This review critically examines recent advances and challenges in 3D bioprinting for skin tissue engineering (2020–2026), organized around a unifying materials-design framework linking bioink properties to wound healing phase requirements and printing technology selection. Wound healing mechanisms, cell types, bioink formulations, and major bioprinting technologies (inkjet, extrusion, laser-assisted, light-curing) are comparatively evaluated for resolution, cell viability, material compatibility, and scalability. 3D bioprinting enables vascular network formation, nerve regeneration, and regrowth of skin appendages, including sweat glands, hair follicles, and pigmentation, while patient-specific constructs reduce rejection risk and improve outcomes. Four clinical niches where bioprinting offers a genuine advantage are identified: chronic wounds, cosmetically critical areas, full-thickness burns exceeding 40% total body surface area, and in vitro pharmaceutical testing. Existing approaches remain limited in mimicking physiological complexity, multi-material compatibility, and long-term stability. Critical gaps persist in elastin regeneration, matrix mechanotransduction, immune-material interactions, and transition to Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant manufacturing. This review also evaluates under-addressed translational barriers, including regulatory pathways, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Further progress requires convergence of stem cell technology, advanced bioink design, and artificial intelligence-driven optimization. Interdisciplinary collaboration remains essential to advance bioprinting toward clinical application in severe skin injuries and regenerative medicine.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D bioprinting
Biomaterials
Wound healing
Skin tissue engineering
Funding
This work was supported by Clinical Medical Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jinan Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (202225027) and Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Shandong Provincial Health Commission (202404101110).
Conflict of interest
Tao Xu is an Editorial Board Member of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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