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REVIEW

Modulation of immune responses in the liver: The role of curcumin in balancing between health and disease

Prashant Anilkumar Singh1† ,  Sitabja Mukherjee2† ,  Puneet Gandhi3 ,  Santosh Kar2*
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1 Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
2 Polyfeenolix Research Laboratory (OPC) Private Limited, KIIT Technology Business Incubator, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
3 Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
GPD 2024, 3(3), 3186 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.3186
Submitted: 16 March 2024 | Accepted: 24 July 2024 | Published: 6 September 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The human liver, traditionally viewed as a metabolic and detoxifying organ, is now being acknowledged for its complex immunological activities involving diverse resident immune cell populations and non-hematopoietic cells. Even in the absence of disease, the liver actively engages in immune surveillance and regulatory processes to support metabolic functions and tissue remodeling, influenced by continuous exposure to dietary and microbial elements. However, maintaining a delicate balance within this dynamic microenvironment is crucial, as uncontrolled inflammation can result in pathological conditions. Effective immune activation is essential for responding to challenges such as pathogens or tissue damage, while mechanisms for resolving inflammation are necessary to maintain liver homeostasis. This review examines the diverse roles of hepatic inflammatory mechanisms in both normal and pathological liver conditions, where dysregulation contributes to chronic inflammation and diseases. A key focus of this discussion is the potential therapeutic role of curcumin, the primary curcuminoid found in turmeric. Curcumin is well known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has shown the ability to modulate various signaling pathways. Notably, curcumin acts by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a crucial player in the inflammatory cascade. NF-κB not only triggers inflammation but also influences cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Drawing from existing literature, we emphasize curcumin’s ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and target NF-κB-dependent pathways. By elucidating the evolving comprehension of inflammation’s role in maintaining liver balance, we suggest that curcumin represents a promising approach for treating chronic liver inflammation, thereby preventing fibrosis and related ailments. This thorough analysis highlights the potential of curcumin in modulating immune regulatory pathways specific to the liver, providing valuable insights into its use as a targeted therapeutic intervention against chronic liver inflammation that results in fibrosis.

Keywords
Inflammation
Homeostasis
Curcumin immunomodulation
Control of fibrosis
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Gene & Protein in Disease, Electronic ISSN: 2811-003X Published by AccScience Publishing
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