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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Twelve-month anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics in COVID-19 patients from Bejaia, Algeria

Sabrine Boufarou1,2* ,  Nassima Achour3 ,  Ines Allam4 ,  Reda Djidjik4,5
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1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Frantz Fanon Hospital, Bejaia, Algeria
2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Abderrahmane Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria
3 Department of Infectious Diseases, El Hadi Flici Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Youcef El Khatib, Algiers, Algeria
4 Immunology Laboratory, Beni Messous Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Youcef El Khatib, Algiers, Algeria
MI, 026060018 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI026060018
Received: 3 February 2026 | Revised: 6 April 2026 | Accepted: 9 May 2026 | Published online: 17 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding long-term humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study evaluated the kinetics and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in hospitalized patients who recovered and identified factors associated with antibody responses. A total of 96 patients hospitalized with real-time polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 between June and September 2020 were included. Sequential serum samples were collected up to 365 days after symptom onset. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies targeting spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were evaluated on days 28, 90, 180, and 365 using chemiluminescent immunoassay (MAGLUMI). Clinical, epidemiological, and radiological data were analyzed. All convalescent patients developed detectable IgG antibodies, and 92.7% were IgG seropositive. Antibody titers and seropositivity rates declined over time; however, IgG antibodies remained more stable and persisted throughout the 12-month follow-up, whereas IgM antibodies became undetectable in most cases. Nevertheless, 12.5% of patients still had detectable IgM antibodies one year after symptom onset, whereas IgG seropositivity remained above 70%. Higher IgG titers were significantly associated with age ≥ 50 years, severe COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Patients vaccinated before the final follow-up demonstrated a strong booster response with significantly higher IgG levels than unvaccinated individuals. In conclusion, symptomatic COVID-19 induces a durable humoral immune response that persists for at least 12 months. Hybrid immunity resulting from natural infection combined with vaccination appears to provide the strongest protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Antibody kinetics
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin G
Humoral immunity
Influencing factors
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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