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REVIEW ARTICLE

Bioprinting for organoid construction and its future application prospects

Mibo Lu1† ,  Xu Chen1† ,  Yalei Yin2 ,  Yansong Qi3* ,  Hui Xie1*
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1 Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
2 Central Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
3 Orthopedic Center (Sports Medicine Center), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 026210209 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026210209
Received: 24 May 2026 | Revised: 5 July 2026 | Accepted: 9 July 2026 | Published online: 10 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing in Clinical Application)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Bioprinting technology integrates computer-aided design with precision deposition manufacturing to achieve the spatially controlled assembly of cells, biomaterials and bioactive factors, providing important technical support for the standardized construction of functional organoids. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bioprinting applications for organoid engineering, with particular attention to the adaptation criteria of printing technologies for different organoid systems. First, the working principles, technical features, representative commercial platforms and application scopes of four mainstream bioprinting modalities (inkjet-based, extrusion-based, photopolymerization-based and laser-assisted bioprinting) are summarized, and a standardized horizontal comparison of their core performance parameters is provided. Second, the classification, biological functions and optimization strategies of three core bioink components (biomacromolecular matrices, functional cells and bioactive factors) are comprehensively discussed. On this basis, representative research progress in seven major organoid categories, namely liver, intestinal, osteochondral, tumor, renal, cardiac and cerebral organoids, is described, and the differential requirements of diverse organoid scenarios for printing protocols are systematically analyzed. In addition, four bottleneck challenges limiting current development are examined, including the trade-off between printing resolution and structural complexity, maintenance of cell viability and biological function, construction of hierarchical vascular networks, and cost and scalability issues, together with corresponding targeted technical solutions. Finally, future directions are discussed from the perspectives of tissue and organ regeneration, precision medicine, drug toxicity evaluation, bioink innovation, and AI-driven intelligent biomanufacturing (covering formulation prediction, developmental simulation, in-process quality control and personalized structural design), aiming to provide theoretical references and technical selection guidelines for technological iteration and clinical translation in this interdisciplinary field.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bioprinting
Organoids
Bioinks
Tissue engineering
Regenerative medicine
Funding
This work was supported by the Dalian Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Policy Implementation Plan (grant number 2023RJ015); Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program Joint Plan (grant number 2025JH2/101800314); and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (grant number X202511258080).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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