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REVIEW ARTICLE

The application of three-dimensional printing technology in breast reconstruction

Xulong Zhu1,2 ,  Kenian Pan3 ,  Bo Tian3 ,  Shuhan Wu1 ,  Jianhui Li1* ,  Jue Wang2*
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1 Department of Oncology Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710068, China
2 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
3 Graduate School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi 712000, China
IJB, 026200184 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026200184
Received: 12 May 2026 | Revised: 24 June 2026 | Accepted: 25 June 2026 | Published online: 26 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing in Clinical Application)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an advanced additive manufacturing strategy, exhibits remarkable translational potential in mammary reconstruction. Cumulative evidence confirms that 3D printing enables highly personalized mammary reconstruction, with markedly enhanced surgical precision and accelerated postoperative recovery. In autologous flap transplantation and breast-conserving surgery, this technology optimizes perioperative planning and surgical simulation, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and lowering complication risks. Moreover, advances in 3D-printable biomaterials, including natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and decellularized adipose tissue matrix (DATM), open novel avenues for breast tissue engineering. Nonetheless, current limitations persist in biomaterial biocompatibility, mechanical matching, and faithful reconstruction of complex anatomical structures. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art progress and clinical applications of 3D printing in mammary reconstruction, highlights its technical merits, translational potential, and existing challenges, and provides a theoretical reference for additive biomanufacturing and tissue engineering strategies in post-oncological breast repair.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Breast reconstruction
Tissue engineering
Biomaterials
Additive biomanufacturing
Funding
This work was supported by the Shaanxi Provincial Health Commission’s Scientific Research and Innovation Team for Integrated Medical and Engineering Approaches (Grant No. 2024TD-01) and the Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Diseases Project (Grant No. 2024SF-LCZX-08).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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