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REVIEW ARTICLE

Acoustic-assisted hydrogel fabrication, 3D printing, and 3D bioprinting

Zichuan Ding1† ,  Yiyuan Wang1† ,  Jiaxuan Fan1 ,  Ying Hong1 ,  Xiao Rong1* ,  Li Qiu1*
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1 Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 026070058 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026070058
Received: 10 February 2026 | Revised: 6 March 2026 | Accepted: 11 March 2026 | Published online: 22 April 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Hydrogels, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and 3D bioprinting hold considerable promise for biomedical applications. Compared to conventional hydrogel fabrication strategies triggered by light, heat, or crosslinking agents, acoustic-assisted hydrogel fabrication, 3D printing, and 3D bioprinting offer unique advantages, including superior tissue penetration, high spatiotemporal controllability, and enhanced biosafety. This review systematically elucidates the significant potential and innovative mechanisms of ultrasound as a unique physical stimulus in these fields. This review highlights the fundamental principles of acoustic effects—cavitation, mechanical effects, and thermal effects—and their roles in hydrogel preparation. We then comprehensively discuss the multiple pathways for acoustic-assisted hydrogel fabrication, including cavitation-triggered free-radical polymerization, mechanically/thermally induced polymerization, liposome-mediated and enzyme-catalyzed polymerization, self-assembly systems for polymerization, and homogenization effects in polymerization, highlighting their respective applications in biomedicine and other related fields. Subsequently, advances in the emerging field of acoustic-assisted 3D printing and 3D bioprinting are reviewed in detail, ranging from the acoustic triggering of 3D printing with thermally curable/free-radical polymerization inks to micrometer-scale 3D bioprinting using cell-laden bioinks. Finally, this review highlights current bottlenecks and future research directions in acoustic-assisted hydrogel fabrication, 3D printing, and 3D bioprinting.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Ultrasound
Acoustic effects
Hydrogel
Three-dimensional printing
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2511096 and 82572246) and the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2026NSFSC1782 and 2026NSFSC1784).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no known financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships relevant to this article.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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