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REVIEW

 3D-printed bioactive scaffolds: An emerging strategy for the regeneration of infectious bone defects

Jianye Yang1,2,3 ,  Jiawei Wang4 ,  Yaji Yang1,2,3 ,  Xudong Su1,2,3 ,  Zhenghao Xu1,2,3 ,  Yingkun Hu1,2,3 ,  Jiahui Lai5 ,  Haotian Zhou1,2,3 ,  Chuanqiang Dai6 ,  Zhong Alan Li5* ,  Leilei Qin1,2,3* ,  Ning Hu1,2,3*
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1 Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
2 Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Regeneration and Translational Medicine, Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Chongqing, China
3 Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
4 Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
6 Department of Orthopedics, Ziyang Central Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan, China
IJB, 4986 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.4986
Submitted: 28 September 2024 | Accepted: 1 November 2024 | Published: 11 November 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

In orthopedics, infectious bone defects face a formidable challenge, considering the critical issues of infection control and bone regeneration during treatment. Although numerous biomaterials have been developed to address these therapeutic challenges, most fail to meet the high regeneration requirements of infectious bone defects with complex pathological environments. There is an urgent need for the rational design of multifunctional bioactive scaffolds that integrate antimicrobial treatments with bone regeneration capabilities. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, a powerful manufacturing technique, holds great promise in fabricating complex bone tissue engineering scaffolds with highly personalized customization. The 3D-printed bioactive scaffolds possess excellent biocompatibility, outstanding antimicrobial properties, appropriate mechanical strength, and bone regeneration ability, making them a highly attractive, emerging strategy for overcoming the challenges of infectious bone defect repair. This review first discusses the therapeutic challenges of infectious bone defects and the desirable features of ideal bone implants, followed by a systematic overview of recent advancements in 3D printing technologies and biomaterials used to fabricate 3D-printed bioactive scaffolds for infectious bone defects. Finally, we highlight the advantages, potential breakthroughs, and challenges of 3D-printed bioactive scaffolds in repairing infectious bone defects.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Infectious bone defects
Bone regeneration
Antimicrobial properties
Bioactive scaffolds
Funding
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372425; 82072443), the National Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0166), the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20233351), and the Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project Special Support (2023CQBSHTB3124).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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