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The application of 3D bioprinting technology in liver manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and prospects

Yifan Hou1,2,3 ,  Xin Liu1,2* ,  Xinhuan Wang1,2 ,  Shen Ji1,2 ,  Qi Gu1,2,3*
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1 Key laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
2 Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
IJB 2024, 10(5), 3819 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.3819
Submitted: 1 June 2024 | Accepted: 12 July 2024 | Published: 29 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Made-to-order Organ)
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Recreating the complexity of liver structure and the diversity of cells and functions in vitro remains a significant focus in liver tissue engineering. 3D bioprinting technology features advantages in personalized manufacturing, replicating complex internal structures, and precise arrangement of multi-materials and cells, thus holding vast potential in tissue engineering, particularly for liver manufacturing. In this review, we discuss the complexity of the liver structure and function, including its composition and both development and regeneration processes. We then analyze the current limitations in liver transplantation, e.g., donor organ shortage, and the shortcomings of various liver transplantation alternatives, highlighting the importance of 3D bioprinting for liver fabrication. Furthermore, the composition and properties of the bioinks used in the liver 3D-printing process and the corresponding research outcomes are discussed. Notably, we summarize the latest advances and challenges in the field of liver fabrication and explore future development directions, namely vascular and bile duct structures. In summation, this review can provide guidance and inspiration for future research and applications related to liver reconstruction and manufacturing.

Keywords
Liver fabrication
Bioprinting
Bioink
Vascularization
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62127811, U23A20453, U21A20396, T2222029), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1104701), Initiative Scientific Research Program of Institute of Zoology (2023IOZ0101), and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Organ Manufacturing (KFJ-PTXM-039).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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