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REVIEW

Extrusion bioprinting from a fluid mechanics perspective

Reza Gharraei1 ,  Donald J. Bergstrom2 ,  Xiongbiao Chen1,2*
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1 Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
IJB, 3973 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.3973
Submitted: 18 June 2024 | Accepted: 9 August 2024 | Published: 30 August 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Bioprinting is an emerging technology for fabricating intricate and diverse structures that closely mimic natural tissues and organs for applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cancer research. Among the various bioprinting techniques, extrusion-based bioprinting stands out due to its capability to apply a wide range of biomaterials and living cells and its controllability over printed structures. In bioprinting, bioink stored in a syringe is extruded through a nozzle connected to the syringe and deposited onto the printing stage to form 3D structures. The bioprinting process involves the flow of bioink through the syringe and nozzle, then spreading on a printing stage. As a result, fluid mechanics plays a crucial role in extrusion bioprinting. Notably, the biomaterials used in bioprinting are typically non-Newtonian fluids, which have complex viscoelastic and thixotropic behaviors; the influence of these behaviors on the bioprinting process has garnered considerable attention, with various methods employed, including numerical simulations via computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This paper reviews the latest developments in the fluid mechanics of extrusion-based bioprinting to shed light on the challenges and key considerations involved. This review covers the topics of extrusion bioprinting (including driving mechanisms, printability, and cell viability), biomaterial rheology and its effect on bioprinting, multi-material bioprinting, and numerical simulations of bioprinting. Key issues and challenges are also discussed along with recommendations for future research.

Keywords
3D bioprinting
Fluid Mechanics
Viscoelasticity
Tissue engineering
Funding
This research was financially supported by the University of Saskatchewan Dean’s Scholarship and the Devolved Scholarship from the Department of Mechanical Engineering for the first author, and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) funds for the co-authors. Grant numbers: RGPIN 06396- 2019, RGPIN 04981-2022
Conflict of interest
Xiongbiao Chen serves as the Editorial Board Member of the journal, but did not in any way involve in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Other authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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