AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 12 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.36922/IJB026180162
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REVIEW ARTICLE

3D-bioprinted tumor organoids enable programmable tumor microenvironment reconstruction for precision oncology

Ziyi Li1,2 ,  Xinran Zhu2 ,  Zuyan Xu2 ,  Haotian Tian1 ,  Dan Wu3* ,  Xingliang Dai1,4*
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1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
2 Department of Clinical Medicine, the First Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
3 Department of Medical Device Evaluation, Jiangxi Province Drug Certification and Evaluation Center, Nanchang, China
4 Department of Research & Development, East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, China
IJB 2026, 12(3), 026180162 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026180162
Received: 29 April 2026 | Revised: 25 May 2026 | Accepted: 1 June 2026 | Published online: 3 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprinting in Tumor Modeling, Diagnostics, and Therapy)
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The high heterogeneity and complex cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) pose a fundamental challenge to both cancer research and drug development. Conventional in vitro models fail to faithfully recapitulate the pathological features of tumors, thereby limiting the translation of basic research findings into clinical practice. Although patient-derived tumor organoids preserve the genetic and structural hallmarks of primary tumors, they are inherently constrained by limited control over spatial cellular organization, insufficient recapitulation of the biomimetic microenvironment, and a lack of model standardization. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, characterized by precise spatial manipulation and multi-material deposition, offers a transformative strategy to address these limitations by converting key TME variables into programmable design parameters. Through the rational design of bioinks and optimization of printing parameters, bioprinting enables the programmable patterning of cells, extracellular matrix components, and bioactive factors, substantially enhancing the structural reproducibility, physiological relevance, and functional integrity of tumor organoids. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bioprinted tumor organoids, with a focus on mainstream bioprinting technologies, the regulation of key process parameters, bioink design strategies for TME reconstruction, and the complete pipeline of organoid fabrication. We further delineate the translational impact of these models across personalized medicine, high-throughput drug discovery, immunotherapy evaluation, and the mechanistic dissection of drug resistance. We also discuss the current challenges in technical reproducibility, scalable manufacturing, ethical governance, and regulatory compliance. Finally, we outline future directions, including multimodal technological integration, four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, tumor-on-a-chip platforms, and interdisciplinary innovation. Collectively, the convergence of bioprinting and tumor organoid technologies offers a robust platform for constructing highly biomimetic tumor models, dissecting tumor biology, and advancing precision oncology. This programmable reconstruction paradigm may help bridge the gap between basic cancer research, preclinical drug testing, and clinically actionable decision-making.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Tumor organoids
Tumor microenvironment
Precision medicine
Drug screening
Immunotherapy
Funding
This work was partially supported by the Ganpo Promising Talents Supporting Plan: Talent Development Project of Leading Academic and Technological Researchers in Key Disciplines (20243BCE51060); the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20242BAB25521); and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82473256).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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