AccScience Publishing / GPD / Volume 3 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.36922/gpd.3113
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Association between dietary soy prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and normalization of placental insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling networks and downstream effector molecule expression

Fusun Gundogan1,2 ,  Ming Tong1,3 ,  Suzanne M. de la Monte1,2,3,4*
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1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
3 Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
4 Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
GPD 2024, 3(2), 3113 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.3113
Submitted: 7 March 2024 | Accepted: 7 April 2024 | Published: 13 June 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Chronic prenatal alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), often associated with impaired placentation and intrauterine growth restriction. Ethanol’s inhibition of insulin and insulin-like growth factor Type 1 (IGF-1) signaling compromises trophoblastic cell motility and maternal vascular transformation at the implantation site. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary soy effectively normalizes placentation and fetal growth in an experimental model of FASD. The studies were extended to better understand the mechanisms underlying soy’s beneficial effects. Pregnant Long Evans rats were pair-fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing either 0% or 36% caloric ethanol from gestation day (GD) 6. The protein source in the diets consisted of either casein (standard and control) or soy isolate. On GD19, placentas were harvested to measure mRNA levels corresponding to major components of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, as well as aspartyl-asparaginyl-β-hydroxylase (ASPH), Notch, and HES, which play critical roles in placentation. Chronic gestational ethanol exposure in rats fed diets containing casein significantly reduced the expression of insulin, insulin receptor, Igf1, IGF-1 receptor (Igf1r), insulin receptor substrate Type 1 (Irs1), Irs2, Asph, and Hes1. In addition, ethanol significantly decreased ASPH protein expression. Dietary soy mitigated most of these effects and further enhanced signaling by upregulating Igf2, Igf2r, Irs1, Irs2, Irs4, Notch, and Hes1 in rats chronically exposed to ethanol relative to corresponding control samples. The protective effects of dietary soy in FASD act at the mRNA level and positively impact pathways imperative for normal placentation and fetal development. Gestational dietary soy may provide an effective means of preventing FASD in vulnerable populations.

Keywords
Aspartyl-asparaginyl-β-hydroxylase
Notch
mRNA
Polymerase chain reaction
Funding
This research was supported by grants R01-AA-11431 and R01-AA-28408 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism at the National Institutes of Health.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Gene & Protein in Disease, Electronic ISSN: 2811-003X Published by AccScience Publishing
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