AccScience Publishing / MSAM / Volume 4 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.36922/MSAM025110016
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Powder spreading behavior of bimodal ceramics in the binder jetting process

Kazi Safowan Shahed1 ,  Willem Groeneveld-Meijer2 ,  Matthew Lear3 ,  Jeremy Schreiber3 ,  Guha Manogharan1,2*
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1 Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, City, Pennsylvania, United States
3 The Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, City, Pennsylvania, United States
MSAM 2025, 4(2), 025110016 https://doi.org/10.36922/MSAM025110016
Received: 15 March 2025 | Accepted: 28 April 2025 | Published online: 21 May 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Binder jetting (BJT) has been extensively explored for additive manufacturing of ceramics due to its ability to create complex structures by processing refractory and hard-to-machine materials. However, achieving a uniform powder bed with high packing density while processing ceramics in BJT remains a challenge. This study systematically examines the role of powder size, powder temperature, flow behavior, and powder size distribution on powder bed formation and resulting part properties. Four different alumina powder sizes (1 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, and 20 μm) were investigated. Flowability characterizations reveal that 1 μm powder remains poorly flowable at both room and elevated temperatures, while 20 μm powder demonstrates excellent flowability at both temperatures. Smaller powders, especially 1 μm, exhibit around 25% loss in moisture, which results in pronounced agglomeration at room temperature. Discrete element method simulations were used to identify the ideal mixing ratio of the bimodal powder using 5 μm and 20 μm powders. For bimodal powder, both the simulation and the experiments exhibited a preferential deposition of smaller powders in the spreading direction. However, the 5 μm and 20 μm powders did not show any preferential deposition in the simulation, but experiments showed preferential deposition behavior. When using bimodal powder, packing density decreases by 7.65% along the spreading direction, which aligns with an 8.19% drop in part relative density. These findings offer valuable insights into the effects of bimodal powder distribution for controlling powder bed packing density and potentially leveraging spatial density variations for functional applications such as biomedical implants, heat exchangers, and gas filtration.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Additive manufacturing
Binder jetting
Bimodal powder
Ceramics
Powder bed density
Powder spreading
Funding
This work was partially supported by NSF CMMI Award #1944120 and partially funded by Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State, through the Walker Student Fellowship.
Conflict of interest
Guha Manogharan serves as the Editorial Board Member of the journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Other authors declare they have no competing interests.
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