AccScience Publishing / MSAM / Volume 4 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.36922/MSAM025130020
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REVIEW ARTICLE

Unraveling the roles of fibrous silk in biomedical applications: A review

Mingzheng Zhao1† ,  Shixuan Guo1† ,  Fengqi Cheng1† ,  Wenhan Tian2 ,  Weishi Liang1,3 ,  Jing Su1 ,  Yong Hai1,3* ,  Juan Guan2* ,  Yuzeng Liu1*
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1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
3 Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
MSAM 2025, 4(2), 025130020 https://doi.org/10.36922/MSAM025130020
Received: 26 March 2025 | Accepted: 28 April 2025 | Published online: 30 May 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Biomedical materials have become essential for diagnosing, treating, and repairing diseased tissues, with applications ranging from hard dental implants to soft artificial blood vessels. Among these, fibrous silk (FS) – a naturally assembled material with exceptional mechanical and biological properties – has recently emerged as a promising candidate for advancing biomedical technologies, particularly with the advent of additive manufacturing and three-dimensional (3D) printing. This review comprehensively explores the advancements in FS-based materials for biomedical applications over the past two decades (2004 – 2024). FS, a unique material derived from silkworm silk fibers, exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, and antimicrobial characteristics, positioning it as a versatile candidate for various biomedical applications. The review begins with a detailed analysis of FS structure and morphology, covering natural FS, derived FS, and assembled FS. It then delves into the critical properties relevant to biomedical applications, such as mechanical resilience, biointegration, controlled degradation profiles, and antimicrobial performance. Subsequently, the review examines the extensive applications of FS-based materials across various biomedical fields, particularly in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Special emphasis is placed on the role of additive manufacturing and 3D printing in enhancing the design complexity and functional performance of FS-based scaffolds, highlighting their potential for developing customized implants and tissue-engineered constructs. Finally, the review provides insights into the future potential of FS-based materials, addressing current limitations and proposing strategies to further optimize their functionality in biomedical contexts.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Fibrous silk
Biomedical applications
Additive manufacturing
3D printing
Funding
This study was supported by the National Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Innovation Fund (2021-NCRC-CXJJPY-17) and the Clinical Research Incubation Program of Beijing Chao- Yang Hospital (CYFH202316).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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