The rapid evolution from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is reshaping modern industrial systems by combining advanced digitalization with human-centric, sustainable, and resilient paradigms. While Industry 4.0 has focused on automation, cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and data-driven decision-making, Industry 5.0 extends this vision by emphasizing human–machine collaboration, ethical AI, and sustainable value creation. In this context, optimization, control theory, and dynamical systems play a fundamental role as the mathematical backbone enabling the design, analysis, and operation of complex intelligent systems. These mathematical frameworks are essential for addressing challenges such as real-time decision-making, system stability, uncertainty management, and multi-objective performance in highly interconnected environments.