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REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent advances in integrating 3D printing with metal-based nanomaterials for cancer theranostics

Siwen Liu1 ,  Jianhua Liu1 ,  Chengxin Liu1 ,  Haijia Yu1 ,  Fan Yang1 ,  Lihua Gao1*
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1 Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin , China
IJB, 026350372 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026350372
Received: 26 August 2026 | Revised: 14 September 2026 | Accepted: 20 September 2026 | Published online: 20 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and its early diagnosis and effective treatment have long posed a major challenge in the biomedical field. Conventional cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies are plagued by inherent limitations, which greatly restrict their capacity to meet the clinical demands of personalized and precision medicine. Metal-based nanomaterials offer advantages in cancer theranostics due to their unique quantum size effect, surface effect, and interfacial effect. Their theranostic applications include multimodal imaging, tumor-biomarker detection, photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and radiosensitization. Three‑dimensional (3D) printing enables the precise fabrication of complex architectures tailored to the personalized anatomical characteristics of tumor lesions, thereby effectively overcoming the drawbacks of metal-based nanomaterials, such as uneven dispersion and inadequate tumor targeting. The integration of 3D printing technology with metal-based nanomaterials leverages their complementary strengths, facilitating the construction of an innovative theranostic system characterized by customizable structure, tunable function, and integrated diagnosis and treatment. This review systematically summarizes the classification and underlying theranostic mechanisms of metal-based nanomaterials, mainstream 3D printing techniques suitable for such nanomaterials, and corresponding composite design strategies. It also outlines the latest research progress of this integrated platform in the diagnosis and treatment of prevalent malignancies. Furthermore, the current challenges and future research prospects in this field are discussed. This work aims to provide a useful overview for further fundamental research and clinical translation of 3D printing combined with metal-based nanomaterials in oncological theranostics.

Keywords
3D printing technology
Metal-based nanomaterials
Cancer
Theranostics
Funding
This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not‑for‑profit sectors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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