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REVIEW ARTICLE

3D-printed microneedles in biomedical applications: Versatile approaches and clinical potential

Ziqing Su1,2† ,  Sheng Cheng1,2† ,  Weiwei Chen1 ,  Menghui Liu1 ,  Peng Gao1 ,  Liang Xu3* ,  Xingliang Dai1,4*
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1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui , China
2 Department of Clinical Medicine, the First Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui , China
3 Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu , China
4 Department of Research & Development, East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, Jiangxi , China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 026370402 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026370402
Received: 15 August 2026 | Revised: 16 September 2026 | Accepted: 18 September 2026 | Published online: 19 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Microneedles (MNs) are micron-scale structures that can painlessly penetrate the skin barrier to facilitate drug delivery, biomarker sampling, and biosensing. Although conventional molding techniques allow large-scale production, they have inherent limitations in rapidly and precisely customizing geometric structures—parameters that critically determine MN biomedical functionality and performance. As a next-generation manufacturing paradigm, three-dimensional (3D) printing offers novel opportunities for the development of personalized and intelligent MNs, leveraging its high precision, design flexibility, and integrated fabrication capabilities. This article reviews different types of MNs and their geometric characteristics, systematically summarizes the applications, advantages, and limitations of mainstream 3D printing technologies in MN fabrication, and focuses on recent research advances in 3D-printed MNs for drug delivery, biomarker extraction, and biosensor construction. Furthermore, it provides an in-depth overview of the application potential of 3D-printed MNs in treating various diseases. The article also discusses the emerging integration of 4D printing and artificial intelligence within this domain. Finally, we summarize and propose directions for future research.

Keywords
Three-dimensional printing
Microneedles
Personalized medicine
Biomedical applications
Funding
This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82473256); the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2508085Y050); Ganpo Promising Talents Supporting Plan: Talent Development Project of Leading Academic and Technological Researchers in Key Disciplines (20243BCE51060); the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20242BAB25521); Anhui Provincial Training Program for Young and Middle-aged University Teachers (JWFX2025005); the Anhui Province Higher Education Scientific Research Project (2023AH053299); the Health Research Program of Anhui (AHWJ2024Aa30066); the Basic and Clinical Cooperative Research and Promotion Program of Anhui Medical University (2022xkjT024, 2023xkjT033); the Postgraduate Scientific Research and Practice Innovation Project of Anhui Medical University (YJS20240087); Suzhou Municipal Science and Technology Development Project (SKY2023169); and the Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (S202510366027).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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