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REVIEW ARTICLE

Host–material interaction-guided bioink formulation, structural design, and bioactive functionalization of 3D-printed and bioprinted biomaterials for oral tissue reconstruction

Minglang Zou1† ,  Yating Li1† ,  Yusi Lu2 ,  Da Huang1* ,  Wen Zhou2,3*
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1 College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian , China
2 Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian , China
3 Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University & Institute of Oral Homeostasis & Research Center of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian , China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 026310332 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026310332
Received: 30 July 2026 | Revised: 11 August 2026 | Accepted: 18 August 2026 | Published online: 20 August 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Oral and maxillofacial tissue defects impair both anatomical integrity and essential oral functions. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising strategy for fabricating patient-specific constructs with controlled architecture and biological composition. However, many current studies primarily focus on fabrication performance, whereas the host responses that determine long-term regeneration remain insufficiently integrated into material design. In this review, we discuss 3D-printed and bioprinted biomaterials for oral tissue reconstruction from a host–material interaction-guided perspective. We first summarize the regenerative requirements of oral soft tissues, hard tissues, and soft–hard interfaces, together with the material systems and printing technologies for oral tissue reconstruction. We then examine how printed constructs interact with the oral microenvironment through physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. These interactions shape regeneration by directing early host recognition, subsequent immune and vascular remodeling, and eventual microbial balance, matrix maturation, and tissue integration. Based on these mechanisms, we further discuss three major design strategies: bioink formulation to construct a regenerative microenvironment, structural design to guide spatial organization and mechanical adaptation, and bioactive functionalization to direct host responses toward tissue-specific repair. Representative applications in soft-tissue repair, hard-tissue regeneration, and periodontal interface reconstruction are highlighted. Finally, current barriers and future opportunities for clinical translation are discussed. This review provides an oral-specific, host–material interaction-guided framework for developing host-instructive 3D-printed and bioprinted constructs for functional oral tissue regeneration.

Keywords
3D-printing
Bioprinting
Oral tissue reconstruction
Host-material interactions
Immunomodulation
Pore architecture
Vascularization
Funding
This work was supported by the Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province (grant number: 2023Y9223).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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