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PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE

Stimuli-responsive biomaterials for 3D bioprinting: Bioprinting biomaterials classification (BBC)

Mohammad Reza Saeb1*
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
IJB, 026170147 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026170147
Received: 24 March 2026 | Revised: 17 April 2026 | Accepted: 27 April 2026 | Published online: 1 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Stimuli-responsive biomaterials have progressively developed over the last decade in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, enabling dynamic regulation of bioink rheological and processing properties, printing fidelity, and the functional maturation of printed constructs. However, the rapid expansion of responsive materials and bioprinting technologies has led to fragmented and non-standardized definitions of biomaterials and bioinks, resulting in inconsistent classification approaches and complicating the analysis, comparison, and design of emerging systems. This highlights the lack of a unified framework for biomaterial selection for bioprinting. This perspective introduces the bioprinting biomaterials classification (BBC) as a conceptual framework that provides a structured and design-oriented basis for biomaterial selection for bioprinting by linking stimuli-responsive behavior with stage-specific functional requirements across the bioprinting process. The BBC framework classifies biomaterials according to two complementary dimensions: stimulus category (physical, chemical, and biological stimuli) and functional roles across the bioprinting lifecycle (bioink preparation, printing process, post-printing maturation, and in vivo function). This two-level biofunctional classification connects material responsiveness with biofabrication processes and enables a systematic approach to selecting and applying responsive biomaterials based on their stage-specific functional roles. It provides a systematic framework for positioning responsive biomaterials within the biofabrication context and supports a more structured and application-driven approach to biomaterial selection and design in bioprinting systems. By addressing the current lack of structured strategies for biomaterial selection for bioprinting, the BBC framework offers a foundational step toward a more rational and consistent design of responsive biomaterials in advanced biofabrication systems.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D bioprinting
Stimuli-responsive biomaterials
Bioinks
Biofabrication
Bioprinting biomaterials classification
Biomaterials selection
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The author declares he has no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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