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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advancing wound healing with three-dimensional bioprinted hyaluronic acid-based tissue constructs: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation

Shaokun Zhang1 ,  Guangli Dai2* ,  Heqi Xuxuheqi@dlut.edu.cn ,  Jun Yin1*
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1 State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
2 Department of Clinical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
3 State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
IJB, 026020015 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB026020015
Received: 9 January 2026 | Revised: 11 February 2026 | Accepted: 23 February 2026 | Published online: 27 April 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Skin functions as a primary protective barrier against mechanical injury, microbial invasion, and dehydration. Extensive trauma and chronic diseases pose significant clinical challenges to wound healing. Conventional wound dressings and skin substitutes often lack the structural and biochemical sophistication to dynamically interact with the wound. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix, has emerged as a versatile biomaterial for wound repair due to its biocompatibility, hydration capacity, and intrinsic bioactivity. However, native HA suffers from limitations such as rapid degradation and poor mechanical strength, necessitating advanced engineering strategies, including chemical modification, biofunctionalization, and compositing, to enhance its versatility. Three-dimensional bioprinting has recently emerged as a transformative technology, enabling the precise deposition of HA-based biomaterials to form biomimetic constructs with spatial heterogeneity. In this review, we first elucidate the mechanism by which HA orchestrates the wound healing cascade, followed by a list of engineered approaches to enhance HA’s functionality. This review then focuses on the capabilities of mainstream bioprinting technologies for fabricating HA-based wound dressings and stratified skin substitutes. Finally, we discuss prevailing challenges and outline future perspectives, emphasizing innovations in dynamic biomaterials, hybrid bioprinting strategies, and the integration of artificial intelligence to advance the clinical translation of HA products for wound healing.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Wound healing
Hyaluronic acid
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Wound dressing
Skin substitutes
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2024YFB4607700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U25D9019), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. DUT26RC(3)027).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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