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REVIEW ARTICLE

3D printing-driven evolution in lung surgery: From precision resection to biomaterial-based functional reconstruction

Zhenghao Dong1† ,  Wenjing Jiang2† ,  Xiang Lin1 ,  Yu Tong1 ,  Beinuo Wang1 ,  Jian Zhou1* ,  Hu Liao1*
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1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2 West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 025350357 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025350357
Received: 30 August 2025 | Accepted: 2 October 2025 | Published online: 23 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D-Printed Biomedical Devices)
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The complexity and variability of lung anatomy, together with the difficulty of repairing lung tissue defects, have long constrained the progress of lung surgery in the era of precision and individualized treatment. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing, deeply integrated with biomedical materials, has emerged as a transformative innovation in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, offering new strategies to overcome these technical bottlenecks. This review summarizes the current status and clinical applications of 3D printing in lung surgery. By enabling the accurate reproduction of patient-specific anatomical models and the fabrication of functional tissue substitutes in combination with bioactive materials, 3D printing provides unprecedented opportunities to address major challenges such as complex lung nodule resection and bronchial repair and reconstruction. Initially confined to the generation of static anatomical models for surgical planning, teaching, and training, the technology has now advanced, especially with the integration of artificial intelligence, toward the development of real-time intraoperative navigation guides and customized implants. Collectively, these advances have transformed 3D printing from an auxiliary adjunct into a pivotal driver of personalized approaches in lung surgery, with the potential to reshape surgical paradigms and expand future therapeutic frontiers.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Artificial intelligence
Bronchial reconstruction
Lung surgery
Preoperative planning
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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