Hydroxyapatite/BMP-2 mineralized decellularized amniotic membrane scaffolds for orbital defect repair

Orbital wall fractures often lead to midfacial deformities, with herniation of orbital adipose and soft tissues into the maxillary sinus, potentially causing endophthalmitis or subbulbar inflammation. Current orbital reconstruction materials face critical limitations, including inadequate osteogenic capacity and poor osseointegration, which may result in implant displacement, immune rejection, and infection. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated a 3D printing scaffold based on hydroxyapatite/BMP-2 mineralized decellularized amniotic membrane for orbital defect repair. By precisely modulating the material composition and leveraging advanced 3D printing techniques, we achieved simultaneous control over the scaffold’s physicochemical properties and biological activity. The resulting constructs feature optimized macro- and micro-architectures. This study establishes a novel strategy for orbital reconstruction, addressing both bone volume restoration and functional regeneration, offering a transformative approach for personalized craniofacial repair.