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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Hydroxyapatite/BMP-2–mineralized decellularized amniotic membrane scaffolds for orbital defect repair
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1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu,
China
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing,
China
3 Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing,
China
4 Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Yangzhong City, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhenjiang 212200, Jiangsu,
China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 025330336 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025330336
Received: 17 August 2025 | Accepted: 11 October 2025 | Published online: 14 October 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract
Orbital wall fractures often result in midfacial deformities characterized by herniation of orbital adipose and soft tissues into the maxillary sinus, potentially causing endophthalmitis or subbulbar inflammation. However, current orbital reconstruction materials face critical limitations, including inadequate osteogenic capacity and poor osseointegration, predisposing implants to displacement, immune rejection, and infection. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated a three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffold based on hydroxyapatite/bone morphogenetic protein-2–mineralized decellularized amniotic membrane for orbital defect repair. By precisely modulating the material composition and leveraging advanced 3D printing techniques, we achieved simultaneous control over the scaffold’s physicochemical properties and biological activity. The resulting constructs feature optimized macro- and micro-architectures. This study establishes a novel strategy for orbital reconstruction, addressing both bone volume restoration and functional regeneration, offering a transformative approach for personalized craniofacial repair.
Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Acellular matrix
BMP-2
Composite scaffolds
Orbital reconstruction
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201109), the New Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Public Health of Suqian First Hospital (SY202205), and the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515110557).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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