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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Immunomodulation and bone repair of 3D-printed SrBG/PCL scaffolds with PDA coating

Qiping Huang1,2† ,  Xiang Li1† ,  Qinghong Fan1† ,  Qian Du1 ,  Guangquan Zhao1,2 ,  Yuanhao Lv1,2 ,  Yixiao Wang1 ,  Weikang Xu2,3,4* ,  Qingde Wa1*
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1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
2 Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Chinese Medicine Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Materials, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
4 National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB 2025, 11(4), 350–377; https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025210211
Received: 21 May 2025 | Accepted: 5 June 2025 | Published online: 6 June 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds are widely used for bone tissue engineering but suffer from deficiencies, such as difficulty in cell adhesion, lack of osteogenic activity, and poor immunomodulatory capacity. Enhancing the biological responsiveness of PCL scaffolds remains a key focus in bone tissue engineering. In this study, the following three types of scaffolds were prepared: (i) PCL, (ii) strontium (Sr)-doped bioactive glass (SrBG)/PCL, and (iii) polydopamine (PDA)/SrBG/PCL. The scaffolds were assayed in vitro for their effect on the expression of osteoinductive differentiation markers (ALP, RUNX2, and COL1), and their influence on macrophage (MP) (CD206, ARG, TNF-α, IL1β, IL-10, and IL-12) behavior was evaluated. Their effect on bone defect repair was assessed in vivo using micro-computed tomography (micro- CT), hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, and immunofluorescence staining (iNOS, CD163, BMP-2, and VEGF). The results demonstrated that PDA/SrBG/ PCL scaffolds significantly promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), inhibited the differentiation of MPs to the M1 phenotype, and promoted the differentiation of MPs to the M2 phenotype, resulting in better pro-osteogenic, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic effects in vivo. This observation may be associated with the release of Sr²+ from SrBG, and surface modification with PDA further enhanced the immunomodulation and bone repair ability of the scaffold. The study demonstrated that the PDA/SrBG/PCL scaffolds exhibit excellent bone repair capabilities and hold strong potential for applications in bone tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Bone repair
Immunomodulation
Polycaprolactone
Polydopamine
Strontium-doped bioglass
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82160577, 32000964), the Zunyi City Innovation Team Fund (Zunyi Science Talent [2024] No. 4), Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Project (2024A1515012265), and the Hainan Academician Innovation Center (Nanfan Medical Materials and Health Technology Innovation Center) (2022GDASZH-2022020402-01).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no financial and personal relationships with other entities or organizations that can inappropriately influence the present work. They also have no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind with any product, service, and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the current manuscript.
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