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REVIEW ARTICLE

Integrated applications of microfluidics, organoids, and 3D bioprinting in in vitro 3D biomimetic models

Shiyao Li1† ,  Xuliang Liu2† ,  Leyi Zhang3† ,  Qi Wang1,4*
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1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
2 Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
3 Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
4 Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 025130110 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025130110
Received: 27 March 2025 | Accepted: 29 April 2025 | Published online: 2 May 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Biomedical research has long faced challenges in accurately replicating human organ microenvironments and overcoming interspecies biological differences, thereby limiting the in-depth understanding of physiopathological mechanisms and hindering the development of cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. Recently, novel technologies such as organoids, microfluidics, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offer promising solutions, fostering innovation, and accelerating progress in biomedical science. However, none of these technologies alone can serve as a fully representative preclinical model, underscoring the need for integrated approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various strategies combining microfluidics, organoids, and 3D bioprinting to develop more physiologically relevant preclinical models. After briefly introducing each technology, we examine the advantages of their pairwise integrations and discuss their prospects for drug research, disease modeling, and beyond. In addition, we explore the potential of combining all three technologies, including the emerging concept of 4D culture systems, which incorporate the temporal dimension to better mimic dynamic biological processes. We anticipate that these integrated models will propel significant advances in biomedical research and contribute to the transformation of future healthcare.  

 

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D bioprinting
Combinations
In vitro 3D biomimetic models
Microfluidics
Organoids
Funding
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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