AccScience Publishing / IJB / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/IJB025100082
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Early Access

High precision in depth laser bioprinting of cells in extracellular matrix towards 3D structures

Stavroula Elezoglou1 Antonis Hatziapostolou1 Kyriakos Giannakopoulos1 Ioanna Zergioti1,2*
Show Less
1 Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytehneiou 9, 15772 Athens
2 PhosPrint P.C., Lefkippos Technology Park, Patriarchou Grigoriou 5’ & Neapoleos 27, 153 41, Athens, Greece
Submitted: 4 March 2025 | Accepted: 24 March 2025 | Published: 24 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3D Bioprinting)
© 2025 by the Author(s).. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

Bioprinting is a rapidly expanding additive manufacturing process, which offers great potential for the fabrication of living tissue by precise printing of cells and biomaterials in a variety of substrates. This technique has the ability to imitate native tissue functions, thereby offering clinical trials to explore new pathways for regenerative medicine. Among the main bioprinting techniques, Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) offers high degree of spatial resolution, accurate and controlled deposition of bioinks and high post-printing cell viability. Effective bioprinting requires a deep understanding of material properties, especially the rheological behaviour of bioinks, which is critical for achieving the desired outcomes. Rheological characterization of these materials is essential to understanding their behaviour under bioprinting conditions. LIFT technique utilizes a wide range of soft biomaterials, giving the ability to generate printed structures containing cells, which proliferate for several days post printing. These biomaterials can be controllably deposited in a variety of substrates. Specifically, in this study, two cell-laden bioinks with low and high number cells densities are printed in a controlled depth inside an Extracellular Matrix (ECM) by tuning the laser energy. Hence, by using light and guiding it with the proper optical set up, controlled depth immobilization of cells in desired depth inside ECM, can be achieved. All bioinks were characterized based on their rheological behaviour, using a microfabricated rheometer-viscometer on-a-chip. To investigate the transfer dynamics, a high-speed camera has been integrated in the LIFT set-up, enabling the monitoring of the immobilization phenomenon within the ECM and highlighting important characteristics of the propagation of the jets during printing. The morphological characteristics of the two sequential and distinct cell-laden jets are examined in detail during the printing process. This study showcases the ability to precisely deposit cells at different depths exceeding 2.5 mm inside a soft matrix substrate, to fabricate any desired cell-laden architecture for bio-engineering applications.

Keywords
Laser bioprinting
LIFT
Laser-induced forward transfer
Rheology
3D structures
Bioprinting in-depth
Bio-fabrication
Funding
This work has been funded by the EU Horizon 2020 FET program UroPrint under grant agreement No 964883.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Share
Back to top
International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing