High precision in depth laser bioprinting of cells in extracellular matrix towards 3D structures

Bioprinting is a rapidly expanding additive manufacturing process, which offers great potential for the fabrication of living tissue by precise printing of cells and biomaterials in a variety of substrates. This technique has the ability to imitate native tissue functions, thereby offering clinical trials to explore new pathways for regenerative medicine. Among the main bioprinting techniques, Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) offers high degree of spatial resolution, accurate and controlled deposition of bioinks and high post-printing cell viability. Effective bioprinting requires a deep understanding of material properties, especially the rheological behaviour of bioinks, which is critical for achieving the desired outcomes. Rheological characterization of these materials is essential to understanding their behaviour under bioprinting conditions. LIFT technique utilizes a wide range of soft biomaterials, giving the ability to generate printed structures containing cells, which proliferate for several days post printing. These biomaterials can be controllably deposited in a variety of substrates. Specifically, in this study, two cell-laden bioinks with low and high number cells densities are printed in a controlled depth inside an Extracellular Matrix (ECM) by tuning the laser energy. Hence, by using light and guiding it with the proper optical set up, controlled depth immobilization of cells in desired depth inside ECM, can be achieved. All bioinks were characterized based on their rheological behaviour, using a microfabricated rheometer-viscometer on-a-chip. To investigate the transfer dynamics, a high-speed camera has been integrated in the LIFT set-up, enabling the monitoring of the immobilization phenomenon within the ECM and highlighting important characteristics of the propagation of the jets during printing. The morphological characteristics of the two sequential and distinct cell-laden jets are examined in detail during the printing process. This study showcases the ability to precisely deposit cells at different depths exceeding 2.5 mm inside a soft matrix substrate, to fabricate any desired cell-laden architecture for bio-engineering applications.