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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Biofabrication of tri-layered nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration: Synergizing melt-electrowriting of polymeric fibers and extrusion-based 3D bioprinting

Jiarui Zhou1,2 ,  Kamil Elkhoury1 ,  Soja Saghar Soman1 ,  Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman1,2*
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1 The Vijay Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
IJB 2025, 11(2), 530–544; https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025040032
Received: 23 January 2025 | Accepted: 24 February 2025 | Published online: 5 March 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Nerve guide conduits (NGCs) are promising alternatives to autografts for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. These conduits are designed to replace the nerve tissue that has been damaged or removed from the injured nerve region. An ideal nerve conduit should effectively bridge the nerve gap and induce nerve cell growth and regeneration. Current FDA-approved NGCs predominantly address gaps smaller than 2 cm and are fabricated from rigid synthetic polymers. Nevertheless, cells prefer softer substrates that more closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). While hydrogels emerge as an ideal ECM-mimicking material, their application is limited by challenges in suturing, maintaining structural integrity, and susceptibility to rapid biodegradation. In this study, we propose a tri-layered NGC biofabricated by combining melt-electrowriting (MEW) and extrusion-based bioprinting, thereby facilitating three functionalities—the outer layer of MEW-polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber monophasic structure for mechanical integrity, the middle layer of MEW-PCL aligned fibers providing topographical cues for axonal directionality, and the inner bioprinted gelatin methacryloyl layer for encapsulating cells in an ECM-mimicking matrix (~7 kPa stiffness matching nerve tissues). In addition to having tunable mechanical properties (by changing the outer layer design), these biocompatible materials are cost-effective, easily biofabricated, highly tunable for drug-loading, and can support the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of human neural stem cells to peripheral neurons, making the proposed tri-layered NGCs promising candidates for treating long nerve gap injuries.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D bioprinting
GelMA hydrogel
Nerve guide conduit
Neural stem cells
Polycaprolactone fiber
Tissue engineering
Funding
This work was supported by the Early-Stage Research Award from the NYU Discovery Research Fund for Human Health to S.V.
Conflict of interest
Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman is an Editorial Board Member of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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