AccScience Publishing / IJB / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/ijb.4385
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

3D-printed scaffold of dopamine methacrylate oligomer grafted on PEGDMA incorporated with collagen hydrolysate for engineering cartilage tissue

Kitipong Pasanaphong1 ,  Acharee Suksuwan1 ,  Narongrit Srikaew3 ,  Ruedee Hemstapat4 ,  Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk5 ,  Sutee Wangtueai6 ,  Nanthaphong Khamthong7 ,  Sani Boonyagul1 ,  Phavit Wongsirichot8 ,  Nuttapol Tanadchangsaeng1*
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1 College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
2 The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
3 Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
4 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
5 Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
6 School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
7 College of Oriental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
8 Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
IJB 2024, 10(6), 4385 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.4385
Submitted: 30 July 2024 | Accepted: 5 September 2024 | Published: 5 September 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

This study demonstrated the synthesis and characterization of dopamine methacrylate (DMA), oligomers of dopamine methacrylate (ODMA), and their integration with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) to enhance 3D-printing scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering, using digital light processing (DLP) technology. The results confirm the successful synthesis of DMA, as evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and its subsequent conversion to ODMA. The obtained ODMA was then combined with PEGDMA (1.25–10% w/v ODMA) to optimize scaffold printability. The morphological characteristics of the ODMA/PEGDMA scaffolds were assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, using FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the chemical stability and biological compatibility of collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from tuna tendon were studied and compared after sterilization. An in vitro fibroblast viability test was conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess the biocompatibility of CH with cells. Sterilization did not adversely affect the chemical composition of CH, maintaining its compatibility with fibroblast cells. Subsequently, ODMA/PEGDMA/CH composite scaffolds were fabricated using a DLP 3D printer, and their efficacy in supporting chondrocyte viability and proliferation were examined at 24, 48, and 72 h using PrestoBlue® assay. Mixing ODMA with PEGDMA significantly enhanced the printability of the scaffolds. Our tri-component 3D-printed scaffolds significantly enhanced human cartilage stem/progenitor cell (CSPC) viability and proliferation compared to a 24-well culture plate. These scaffolds excel in both mechanical properties, crucial for bearing physiological loads, and biological properties that promote cell growth and proliferation. This dual enhancement underscores their superior performance and positions them as frontrunners in the development of advanced solutions for cartilage engineering, potentially revolutionizing medical treatments.  

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D-printed scaffold
Dopamine methacrylate oligomer
Collagen hydrolysate
Digital light processing 3D printer
Cartilage tissue engineering
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) via the Invention to Business (I-2B) Program (contract number: N82A670613). This research was also supported by Rangsit University. This research project was funded by Fundamental Fund 2023, Chiang Mai University.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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