3D printing technologies offer a tremendous potential to produce patient-specific implants and to treat critical-sized bone defects, which vary in size, shape, and clinical requirements. Although progress has been made for 3D printing of biomaterial-based bone constructs, they are mostly lacking biologically active material. For larger-sized bone implants, however, early biologization and vascularization are essential. In this context, bioprinting technologies enable the integration of vital cells or active growth factors into 3D-printed constructs, while the integration of nanomaterials offers the option for a material-mediated functionalization of the bioink. To date, however,  such modifications of bioinks by nanomaterials has been hardly reported for digital light-based bioprinting (DLP) technology. Furthermore, there is a notable lack of direct comparative studies on the impact of nanomaterials on cellular processes. In this study, we assessed and compared graphene oxide (GO), or calcium phosphate (CaP) modified bioinks for DLP bioprinting of bone constructs based on methacrylated gelatin (GelMa). After printing, the impact of bioinks on cell distribution, viability, cell proliferation, and differentiation, as well as mechanical and  structural properties of constructs, was compared. In comparison to commercial bioinks, cell viability was higher in the established GelMa bioink. Morphological data and DNA quantification indicated the highest cell vitality, and respectively, proliferation over time in GelMa basic ink. CaP-modified GelMa bioink indicated the best differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in terms of osteogenic gene expression and calcium deposition. GO, however, increased the Young’s modulus of the material itself with consequences on cell morphology. Overall, in the direct comparison nanomaterials showed diverse effects in functionalizing DLP-printed bone constructs containing living osteogenic cells.