AccScience Publishing / IJB / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/ijb.3448
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REVIEW

Photoacoustic imaging for three-dimensional bioprinted constructs

Donghyeon Oh1 ,  Hwanyong Choi2 ,  Chulhong Kim1* ,  Jinah Jang2*
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1 Departments of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
2 Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Center for 3D Organ Printing and Stem Cells, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
IJB 2024, 10(4), 3448 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.3448
Submitted: 18 April 2024 | Accepted: 24 June 2024 | Published: 23 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Marine Origin Materials for Biomedical Application)
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Bioimaging is used to inspect the successful growth and functional differentiation of cells in printed biomaterials, which are ultimately finalized into functional artificial tissues capable of replacing native tissues. While optical bioimaging techniques are commonly utilized, the current trend in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting towards replicating complex 3D microarchitectures poses a challenge for conventional optical imaging techniques in providing clear cross-sectional images due to the opaque nature of tissue. Consequently, these limitations necessitate lengthy and destructive preparation processes, which are associated with sacrificing cell viability and damaging the bioprinted material. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a versatile imaging technique that extends the advantages of the optical bioimaging technique to undiscovered depths enabled by its acoustic hybridity, making itself a promising tool for non-destructive imaging of 3D bioprinted constructs. In this review, we introduce the flexible spectral contrasts provided by PAI, which are potentially applicable to 3D-bioprinted constructs, and summarize bioprinting studies that functionally implement PAI for in vitro and in vivo assessments. Finally, we provide an outlook on practical considerations for the more complete integration of these two fields, anticipating more fruitful discoveries as bioprinting advances towards more complex hierarchies.

Keywords
Photoacoustic imaging
Three-dimensional
Spectral imaging
Monitoring
Funding
Foundation (NRF) Grants (Nos. 2021M3C1C3097624, 2020R1A6A1A03047902, RS-2024-00335346, and 2023R1A2C3004880), the Korea Medical Device Development Fund Grant (Nos. 1711195277 and RS- 2020-KD000008), Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine (No. 21A0104L1), and BK21 FOUR projects (Pohang University of Science and Technology) funded by the Korean government (the Ministry of Science and ICT; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; the Ministry of Health and Welfare; the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety).
Conflict of interest
C. Kim has a financial interest in OPTICHO, which did not support this work. The authors declare no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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