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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Health expenditure and fiscal marksmanship before and during the coronavirus pandemic across the federal states of India

Mihajlo Jakovljevic1,2,3 ,  Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo4* ,  Himanshu Sekhar Rout4,5*
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1 UNESCO-TWAS The World Academy of Sciences, Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, Italy
2 Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Hantai, China
3 Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
4 Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
5 RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
GHES, 2920 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2920
Submitted: 12 February 2024 | Accepted: 10 May 2024 | Published: 18 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Healthcare in the Emerging BRICS+ Markets)
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

This study examined state-level health expenditure, fiscal marksmanship, and COVID-19 deaths among selected states in India. It (1) compared health expenditure between the pre-COVID-19 and the COVID-19 period in India and selected states; (2) investigated the fiscal marksmanship in the context of health expenditure at the national and state level; and (3) assessed the relationship between COVID-19 deaths, population density, health expenditure, and fiscal marksmanship. The study period from 2017 to 2021 was divided into pre-COVID-19 (2017-late – 2019) and COVID-19 (late-2019 – 2021). This study focused on India and selected Indian states, using data from state budget documents, Census 2011 for population density, and COVID-19 data from the government website. Descriptive statistics, percentages, ratios, graphs, and tools such as Theil’s U-Statistic and Pearson’s correlation were employed for analysis. Simple linear regression was used to analyze the impact of fiscal marksmanship and other variables on the case fatality ratio. This study revealed challenges in maintaining fiscal discipline during COVID-19, with disparities in capital expenditure among states. The results emphasized the need for increased health spending and structural changes to enhance resilience to future health crises, advocating for investments in infrastructure and services to improve preparedness.

Keywords
Health expenditure
COVID-19
Fiscal marksmanship
India
Federal states
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
Mihajlo Jakovljevic is the Founding-Chief-Editor of this journal, and while Himanshu Sekhar Rout is an Editorial Board Member of this journal. Both the authors are Guest Editor of this special issue but were not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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