Climate change is increasingly threatening human health, as rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events intensify risks such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and vector-borne diseases. In response, this review examines the emerging field of climate-adaptive clothing systems, which offer innovative solutions to mitigate these health risks. Climate-adaptive clothing systems integrate advanced textiles, functional design features, and sustainable manufacturing practices. They aim to regulate body temperature, manage moisture, and protect against environmental hazards, enabling individuals to adapt to various climatic conditions. Central to these systems are thermoregulatory fabrics engineered to balance heat retention and dissipation in response to environmental changes. In hot climates, these fabrics incorporate moisture-wicking properties to cool the body, whereas in cold environments, they provide enhanced insulation to retain body heat. Additional features, such as integrated ventilation systems, ultraviolet protection, water resistance, and quick-drying capabilities, further improve the clothing’s adaptability and performance under extreme weather conditions. The review also emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in developing climate-adaptive clothing, focusing on eco-friendly materials and production methods to minimize environmental impact. By promoting thermal comfort, reducing thermal stress, and increasing resilience to climate variability, these clothing systems represent a promising strategy for enhancing human well-being in a rapidly changing world. Ultimately, this review highlights the potential of climate-adaptive clothing systems as a proactive approach to improving individual resilience to climate change when contributing to broader sustainability goals.