This Special Issue focuses on contemporary pedagogical approaches, innovative teaching strategies, and emerging challenges in music education across diverse educational levels and learning contexts. It explores how evolving pedagogical theories, technologies, and cultural environments are shaping the teaching and learning of music in formal and informal settings. We welcome empirical studies, systematic reviews, and theoretical papers that examine innovative approaches to music pedagogy, curriculum development, teacher education, technology-enhanced learning, and inclusive and culturally responsive music education. Contributions may also address the role of music education in child and adolescent development, creativity, social and cultural engagement, and lifelong learning. By bringing together diverse perspectives and research approaches, this Special Issue aims to highlight current developments, practical innovations, and future directions in music pedagogy.