AccScience Publishing / MSAM / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/MSAM026360092
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Taylor-modified Johnson–Cook constitutive model for pure copper produced using PBF-LB with a green laser source

Feihong Zhao1 ,  Shuang Zhao1* ,  Jing Cao2 ,  Tie Han3 ,  Jinghui Wei3 ,  Liwei Yang3 ,  Chun Cheng4 ,  Wenhui Shi4
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1 School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning , China
2 North Hua’an Industry Group Co., Ltd., Qiqihar, Heilongjiang , China
3 Unit 92840 of People’s Liberation Army, Qingdao, Shandong , China
4 MOE Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang , China
MSAM, 026360092 https://doi.org/10.36922/MSAM026360092
Received: 6 September 2026 | Revised: 6 October 2026 | Accepted: 9 October 2026 | Published online: 22 October 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Green-laser powder bed fusion offers a route to fabricate dense pure-copper components, but process-induced microstructural heterogeneity complicates their dynamic response at very high strain rates. This study combines quasi-static tension and compression tests, dynamic compression tests using a split Hopkinson pressure bar, and Taylor impact tests to calibrate and validate a modified Johnson–Cook constitutive model. The strain-hardening constants A, B, and n were first fitted from quasi-static data, and an initial strain-rate sensitivity coefficient C was estimated from the dynamic compression tests. Because these tests covered strain rates only up to approximately 3 × 103 s−1, finite-element simulations of Taylor impact tests were used to refine C against the residual length and maximum upset diameter of the recovered specimens. The 122 m/s impact condition alone was used to optimize C; the 166 m/s and 204 m/s conditions were reserved for independent validation. The optimized C value was 0.059, compared with an initial C value of 0.037638. The corrected model yielded global relative errors of 0.1596% and 0.1259% for the two validation conditions, respectively. These results show that combining dynamic compression and Taylor impact data improves predictions for green-laser powder-bed-fused copper under the tested build orientation and loading conditions.

Keywords
Green-laser powder bed fusion
Pure copper
Johnson–Cook constitutive model
Taylor impact test
Dynamic mechanical properties
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LQN25A020005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth Program) (Grant No. 12202285), the Shenyang Science and Technology Talent Special Project (Grant No. RC230925), and the Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province (Grant No. LG212410144045).
Conflict of interest
Jing Cao is an employee of North Hua’an Industry Group Co., Ltd., while Tie Han, Jinghui Wei, and Liwei Yang are from Unit 92840 of the People’s Liberation Army; however, they were not involved in any activities that could constitute a conflict of interest in relation to this study. The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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