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REVIEW ARTICLE

Toward next-generation rabies vaccines: Innovations and challenges

Miao Li1,2 ,  Peng Zhang2,3* ,  Xueyao Jin2*
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1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
2 Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Biomedicine, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
MI, 025310068 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI025310068
Received: 29 July 2025 | Revised: 5 November 2025 | Accepted: 7 November 2025 | Published online: 5 February 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Rabies continues to pose a significant fatal zoonotic threat, with approximately 59,000 human deaths reported annually, despite the disease being mostly preventable through vaccination. Recently, several notable scientific advancements have been made, including the determination of the pre-fusion conformation of the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G), structure-guided antigen design strategies to enhance immunogenicity, and the development of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNPs) delivery platforms encoding RABV-G. Pre-clinical models have shown that these mRNA-LNPs platforms induce neutralizing antibody titers that are approximately ten-fold higher than those elicited by traditional inactivated vaccines. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens integrating inactivated rabies virus with mRNA boosters have demonstrated synergistic efficacy, achieving 100% protection with evidence of potential durability in non-human primate models. However, several critical knowledge gaps remain, such as the structure of the full-length or ectodomain of pre-fusion RABV-G, the mechanisms underlying pH-driven conformational changes of RABV-G and its fusion process, the binding mechanisms of different viral receptors, and the induction of long-term protection. Future breakthroughs will hinge on integrating technological innovation with global accessibility to achieve the “Zero by 30” rabies elimination initiative. This requires coordinated efforts to translate cutting-edge research into scalable, affordable interventions that address both scientific challenges and public health gaps.

Keywords
Rabies vaccine
Rabies virus glycoprotein
mRNA vaccine
Zoonotic disease elimination
Funding
This work was supported by the Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Startup funds (grant no.: 2023KYQD011).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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