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REVIEW ARTICLE

Decoding phosphoinositide signaling in viral pathogenesis and autoimmune disorders

Chang Ren1,2 ,  Fengting Liu1,2,3,4 ,  Xinrui Li1,2 ,  Yichuan Zhang1,2 ,  Xulei Liu1,2 ,  Jigang Wang3,4,5* ,  Jichao Sun3,4* ,  Mo Chen1,2*
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1 Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine and SUSTech Homeostatic Medicine Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
2 Laboratory of Oral Homeostatic Medicine, School of Medicine and SUSTech Homeostatic Medicine Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
4 Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
5 State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
MI, 025270060 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI025270060
Received: 30 June 2025 | Revised: 11 August 2025 | Accepted: 14 August 2025 | Published online: 9 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Phosphoinositide (PIP) lipids are master regulators of cellular signaling, membrane dynamics, and trafficking. Dysregulation of PIP signaling contributes critically to autoimmune disorders, where it disrupts immune tolerance and promotes inflammatory tissue damage. Similarly, viruses extensively exploit host PIP signaling pathways for entry, replication, and immune evasion. However, a comprehensive analysis linking PIP dysregulation across specific viral infections to autoimmune mechanisms is lacking. This review bridges this gap by decoding the intricate roles of PIP signaling in both viral pathogenesis and autoimmunity. We detail how eight distinct viral pathogens manipulate PIP networks and explore the resulting implications for autoimmune initiation or exacerbation. We synthesize findings on key PIP species, their effector proteins, and the modulated immune pathways central to both disease contexts. By elucidating these shared and unique mechanisms, this review identifies promising PIP-centric targets for therapeutic intervention in viral diseases and autoimmune disorders.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Phosphoinositides
Viral pathogenesis
Autoimmune diseases
Stress signaling
Funding
M.C. is supported by Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation (JCYJ20240813094605008), Shenzhen Medical Research Fund (D2301007), Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515110237), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (32400577). J.S. is supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Shenzhen (JCYJ20220818102611025, RCYX20210706092040044), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071193), and Guangdong Zhujiang Program (0920220233).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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