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REVIEW ARTICLE

Post-translational modifications in sepsis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities

Wenyue Gao1,2,3,4 ,  Yue Zhang1,2,3 ,  Liuluan Zhu1,2,3*
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1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2 Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
3 National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
4 Department of Infectious, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
MI, 025090016 https://doi.org/10.36922/MI025090016
Submitted: 28 February 2025 | Revised: 11 April 2025 | Accepted: 14 April 2025 | Published: 24 April 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition marked by systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, poses a persistent clinical challenge. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dynamically regulated inflammatory signaling, immune responses, and cell death, positioning them as a pivotal focus in sepsis research. This review systematically explores the regulatory networks of five key PTMs – phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and lactylation – in sepsis. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries of genes and molecules that modulate these PTMs, influencing inflammation and organ dysfunction, and evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets or prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss how PTMs offer novel therapeutic opportunities, providing novel insights to address the shortcomings of traditional anti-infective approaches.

Keywords
Sepsis
Post-translational modifications
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
SUMOylation
Acetylation
Lactylation
Inflammation
Funding
This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (grant number: L246039), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers: 82372189, 81871586, and 82172128), and the Beijing High-Level Public Health Technical Talent Training Program (Discipline Backbone Talent 02-32).
Conflict of interest
Liuluan Zhu is the Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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