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The biological characteristic and therapeutic prospect of bladder cancer stem cells

Liqi Yin1, 2 ,  Zongyi Shen1 ,  Nan Zhang1 ,  Lu Ying1, 2 ,  Wenjing Zhang1 ,  Xiaoyang Chen1 ,  Youfeng Liang1 ,  Chunhui Li1 ,  Keying Yao1 ,  Changyuan Yu1 ,  Jianfeng Wang3* ,  Zhao Yang1, 2*
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1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
2 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
3 artment of Urology-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
MI 2024, 1(1), 25–50; https://doi.org/10.36922/mi.2377
Submitted: 5 December 2023 | Accepted: 18 March 2024 | Published: 29 March 2024
© 2024 by the Author (s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC), arising from bladder epithelial cells, is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the urinary system. Its main pathological variants include transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, with TCC further divided into non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC). NMIBC accounts for 70% of all BC cases and is characterized by a favorable prognosis yet a high recurrence rate (31 – 78%). Conversely, MIBC accounts for the remainder of BC cases, characterized by high heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Current treatment methods for BC predominantly encompass surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, these methods lack specificity, exhibit limited clinical efficacy, and often yield unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, predisposing BC to recurrence. On the other hand, BC stem cells (BCSCs) are a subset of cells within heterogeneous BC, possessing robust abilities in self-renewal, differentiation, tumorigenicity, metastasis, and drug resistance. They play a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and relapse of BC, rendering them ideal targets for targeted therapy. Research efforts in this field are currently focused on investigating the evolutionary origins, biomarkers, mechanism governing stemness maintenance, drug resistance, metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, immune evasion, and targeted therapies related to BCSCs. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in the biological characteristics and therapeutic prospects of BCSCs.

Keywords
Bladder cancer stem cell
Biomarkers
Self-renewal mechanisms
Drug resistance
Metastasis
Metabolic reprogramming
Immune evasion
Targeted therapy
Funding
This work was supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92359202), Scientific and Technological Research Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2022AB022), “Open Competition to Select the Best Candidates”Key Technology Program for Nucleic Acid Drugs of NCTIB (NCTIB2022HS01016) and the Joint Project of Biomedical Translational Engineering Research Center of Beijing University of Chemical Technology-China-Japan Friendship Hospital (XK2023-21).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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