AccScience Publishing / MI / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/mi.2319
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Food chain milieus: Potential reservoirs and sources of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Southeast Nigeria

Chika Ejikeugwu1* ,  Carissa Duru2 ,  Euslar Onu3 ,  Cyril Adonu1 ,  Nonye Ujam1 ,  Emmanuel Nwakaeze4 ,  Ndidiamaka Okorie5 ,  Ijeoma Ebenebe6 ,  Theodora Mba7 ,  Anthonia Mba8 ,  Chika Ezeador9 ,  Chijioke Edeh6 ,  Malachy Ugwu6 ,  Michael Adikwu10
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1 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Nigeria
2 International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
4 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Nigeria
5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Nigeria
6 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
7 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Nigeria
8 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Nigeria
9 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
10 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
MI 2024, 1(1), 60–67; https://doi.org/10.36922/mi.2319
Submitted: 27 November 2023 | Accepted: 1 February 2024 | Published: 26 February 2024
© 2024 by the Author (s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Concerted efforts are needed to mitigate the development and transmission of bacterial resistance in the general environment. Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) is a carbapenemase that allows bacteria to resist the antimicrobial onslaught of carbapenems (e.g., imipenem [IPM]). We investigated the prevalence of MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in poultry farms. Samples from poultry birds (n = 65) were studied for the isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. The modified Hodge test was used to phenotypically detect MBL. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm MBL production in the test isolates. To confirm the presence of plasmids in the isolates, a plasmid curing experiment was conducted. High levels of reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime (77.8%), IPM (69.4%), gentamicin (63.9%), amikacin (58.3%), fosfomycin (55.5%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), tetracycline (75%), ertapenem (55.5%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (66.7%), and cefoxitin (52.8%) were recorded in the P. aeruginosa isolates. A total of 23 isolates of P. aeruginosa produced MBL. The presence of MBL genes in these P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 23) was confirmed by PCR, which detected blaIMP-1 (47.8%) and blaIMP-2 (26.1%). The isolates were multidrug resistant (50%) and carried plasmids, indicating horizontal transmission of resistance genes. Genes for bacterial resistance can be transmitted through mobile genetic elements. Therefore, sustainable interventions are needed to mitigate antibiotic use in poultry practices in Nigeria to curb the development of MBL-producing bacteria arising from selective (antibiotic) pressures in such an environment. These interventions can help to detect and stop infections caused by resistant bacteria before they become clinical cases in our hospitals.

Keywords
Bacterial resistance
Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria
Pseudomonas
Susceptibility testing
One health
Funding
Institute Mérieux (IMX), France
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest.
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Microbes & Immunity, Electronic ISSN: 3029-2883 Print ISSN: 3041-0886, Published by AccScience Publishing
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