Compassion fatigue often results from continuous exposure to people’s suffering. Identifying the associated factors among nurses who provide care in proximity to the population can support team leadership in recognizing this phenomenon and promoting preventive strategies. This review aims to identify, based on recent evidence, the factors associated with compassion fatigue in nurses working in primary health care. A rapid review of the literature was conducted using the EBSCOhost Research Databases, including CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE Complete, Nursing & Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, MedicLatina, and Cochrane Clinical. Information from the included studies was extracted into an Excel sheet, and the identified evidence was summarized using a descriptive method. Studies involving adolescent and child populations, conducted in the context of COVID-19, conducted in hospital, emergency, or inpatient settings, and exclusively focused on scale validation were excluded. This rapid review includes 13 studies and identifies physical and emotional exhaustion, as well as frustration at work, as factors associated with compassion fatigue, often resulting from empathy developed toward individuals in distress. Nurses reported symptoms, such as nervousness, anxiety, suffering, and crying episodes, frequently lead to absenteeism and highlight psychosomatic implications, particularly the interaction between emotional stress and physical manifestations. The main conclusion is that leaders and managers of nursing teams should be aware of the factors associated with compassion fatigue so they can act promptly. When these factors are present, they should implement interventions to prevent and control them, thereby contributing to nurses’ well-being and to the quality and safety of care.