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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fractional fourier transform: A variant of Heisenberg uncertainty principle, weighted uncertainty inequality and application

Mawardi Bahri1*
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1 Department of Mathematics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Received: 8 May 2026 | Revised: 10 June 2026 | Accepted: 15 June 2026 | Published online: 6 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

The focus of this article is to propose two different versions of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle related to the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The first version is directly derived using the basic connection between the traditional Fourier transform (FT) and the FrFT, and the second is derived by exploiting time differentiation property and Parseval’s formula for the FrFT. In addition, a weighted uncertainty inequality related to this transformation is investigated. As a simple illustration of the use of the obtained results, we design the fractional characteristic function. An inequality describing the relation between the probability density function and its fractional characteristic function is presented.

Keywords
Fourier transform
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Fractional Fourier transform
Fractional characteristic function
Funding
The present work is partially supported by Thematic Research Group (TRG) 2026 (No. 1167/UN4.1.7/PT.01.03/2026) of Hasanuddin University, Indonesia.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
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An International Journal of Optimization and Control: Theories & Applications, Electronic ISSN: 2146-5703 Print ISSN: 2146-0957, Published by AccScience Publishing