Scope and Introduction

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized regenerative medicine by enabling the precise fabrication of patient-specific scaffolds with complex internal architectures. For musculoskeletal tissues—such as bone, skeletal muscle, and tendons—3D printing offers unparalleled advantages in replicating the required mechanical properties and structural anisotropy. This Special Issue aims to highlight recent advances in 3D printing strategies that bridge the gap between engineering design and biological functionality for musculoskeletal repair.

Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):

• Innovative 3D printing modalities (FDM, SLA, SLS, etc.) for musculoskeletal scaffolds.

• Development of functional polymers, ceramics, and composites for load-bearing tissues.

• Structural optimization and biomimetic porosity for muscle and tendon repair.

• Surface modification and functionalization of 3D-printed substrates.

• Stimuli-responsive and 4D-printed scaffolds for active tissue regeneration.

• Hybrid fabrication and clinical translation of 3D-printed constructs.