Bone tumors are malignant diseases that pose a serious threat to human health, with an increasing incidence rate. Traditional two-dimensional cell cultures and mouse xenograft models have limitations in replicating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and fail to accurately mimic in vivo physiological conditions. Three-dimensional bioprinting technology, as an advanced biofabrication technique, can efficiently, economically, and consistently construct tumor models with complex geometric structures by precisely controlling the spatial distribution of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. Three-dimensional printed bone tumor models based on bioinks possess higher biological fidelity and physiological relevance, realistically recreating the complex structure and function of the tumor microenvironment and accurately simulating tumor heterogeneity, cell migration, proliferation, invasion, and intercellular interactions. This technology can not only effectively simulate the key biological processes of tumor development and progression but also accurately evaluate the response of tumor cells to novel anti-cancer drugs, supporting the realization of personalized precision medicine. Therefore, three-dimensional bioprinting technology provides a powerful scientific tool and new research ideas for the mechanistic study of bone tumors, the screening and optimization of anti-cancer drugs, and the development of personalized treatment plans.