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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advances in three-dimensional bioprinted tumor organoids: From model construction to clinical translation

Yuwen Wang1† ,  Jiaqi Shi2† ,  Yali Wang3† ,  Sihan Zhao4 ,  Hui Ren5 ,  Huanhuan Huang6 ,  Wenyue Lv2 ,  Huiheng Feng2 ,  Yunxiang Zhou7* ,  Kun Ji8* ,  Wei Wu9*
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1 Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Liangzhu Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
3 Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
4 Department of Health Management, School of Humanities and Management School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
5 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
6 Department of Thoracic Oncology, Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
7 Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
8 Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Interventional Treatment Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
9 Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary & Gastric Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
IJB, 025390393 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025390393
Received: 22 September 2025 | Accepted: 4 December 2025 | Published online: 23 December 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s).. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Traditional cancer research models face inherent limitations, as two-dimensional cell cultures fail to capture the complexity of tumor biology, while animal models are confounded by species-specific discrepancies. The integration of tumor organoids with three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently emerged as a transformative strategy. This approach combines the histological and genetic fidelity of organoids with the spatial precision and structural controllability of 3D bioprinting, thereby enabling the fabrication of biomimetic tumor models. Such models more faithfully recapitulate critical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), addressing major gaps in conventional experimental systems. This review systematically examines the principles, recent advances, and translational applications of 3D bioprinting-enabled tumor organoids, including the biological basis of organoids, key bioprinting strategies, and technical considerations. Major applications include constructing heterogeneous TMEs with immune interactions, engineering vascularized tumor structures, enabling high-throughput drug screening, validating bioprinted organoids using clinical samples, and advancing clinical translation, regulatory frameworks, and Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant manufacturing of tumor organoids. Despite substantial progress, several challenges remain, including limited printing resolution, bioink instability, difficulties in sustaining long-term cultures, and gaps in standardization. Nevertheless, integration with emerging technologies, such as microfluidics, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and standardized biomanufacturing platforms, is anticipated to bridge the gap between basic tumor research and clinical translation. Ultimately, these synergistic advances may accelerate the development of personalized cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Clinical translation
Drug screening
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Tumor microenvironment
Tumor organoids
Funding
This work is supported by the Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2025KY032), the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82503786), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Student Basic Research Projects (Grant No. T24B2014).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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