Traditional cancer research models face inherent limitations: two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures fail to capture the complexity of tumor biology, whereas animal models are confounded by species-specific discrepancies. The integration of tumor organoids with three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently emerged as a transformative strategy. This approach combines the histological and genetic fidelity of organoids with the spatial precision and structural controllability of 3D bioprinting, thereby enabling the fabrication of biomimetic tumor models. Such models more faithfully recapitulate critical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), addressing major gaps in conventional experimental systems. This review systematically examines the principles, recent advances, and translational applications of 3D bioprinting-enabled tumor organoids, including the biological basis of organoids, key bioprinting strategies, and technical considerations. Major applications involve constructing heterogeneous TMEs with immune interactions, engineering vascularized tumor structures, enabling high-throughput drug screening, validating bioprinted organoids in clinical samples, and advancing the clinical translation, regulatory frameworks, and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliance of tumor organoids. Despite substantial progress, several challenges remain, including limited printing resolution, instability of bioinks, difficulties in sustaining long-term culture, and standardization gaps. Nevertheless, integration with emerging technologies such as microfluidics, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and standardized biomanufacturing platforms is anticipated to bridge basic tumor research with clinical translation. Ultimately, these synergistic advances may accelerate the development of personalized cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.