AccScience Publishing / IJB / Online First / DOI: 10.36922/IJB025270257
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Integrating machine learning and finite element simulation for interpretable prediction of 3D-printed bone scaffold mechanics

Rixiang Quan1 ,  Fengyuan Liu1* ,  Sergio Cantero Chinchilla1*
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1 School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
IJB, 025270257 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025270257
Received: 30 June 2025 | Accepted: 2 September 2025 | Published online: 2 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

An integrated framework combining finite element analysis (FEA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented to enhance the prediction and design of bioprinted scaffolds. By leveraging the strengths of data-driven learning and physics-based simulations, the hybrid approach (ANN + FEA) achieved superior predictive accuracy and generalization compared to standalone approaches. Validation against experimental results demonstrated that a single ANN model yields a relative error of 5.17% when predicting the scaffold’s Young’s modulus. Incorporating FEA simulation based on ANN-predicted geometry and material properties reduced the relative error to 4.72%, representing an 8.6% improvement. The framework also enables accurate simulation of unseen combinations of printing parameters located far from the experimental data manifold, reducing prediction errors from 14.2% (ANN-only) to 5.7% (hybrid). By integrating predictive modeling, simulation, and data augmentation, this approach offers an efficient pathway for optimizing scaffold designs and accelerating the development of biomaterials with tailored mechanical performance.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Artificial neural network
Bone scaffold
Data augmentation
Finite element analysis
Funding
This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Impact Acceleration Account 2022–2026 (EP/X525674/1).
Conflict of interest
Fengyuan Liu serves as the Editorial Board Member of the journal but was not involved in the editorial or peer-review process conducted for this paper, either directly or indirectly. The Other authors declare no competing interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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