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REVIEW ARTICLE

Advances and challenges in three-dimensional bioprinting of bone organoids: Materials, techniques, and functionalization strategies

Longfei Wu1 ,  Junjie Zhao1 ,  Jiwei Huang1 ,  Pengfei Huang1 ,  Haiyan Zhao2*
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1 Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
2 Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
IJB, 025190183 https://doi.org/10.36922/IJB025190183
Received: 6 May 2025 | Accepted: 1 July 2025 | Published online: 2 July 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The use of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting to construct bone organoids holds significant promise in bone tissue engineering due to its potential to replicate complex structures for research and regenerative medicine. This technology enables the creation of precise 3D structures through layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks guided by digital models. However, challenges remain in achieving functional bone organoids, especially in bioink design, vascularization, and cell viability preservation. To address these issues, various printing techniques such as extrusion, inkjet, light-curing, and microfluidic printing have been explored, but further advances are needed to improve the quality and functionality of printed bone organoids. This review assesses the current state of research on the application of 3D bioprinting techniques for the construction of bone organoids, focusing on the selection of bioinks, scaffold materials, and the role of cells and growth factors. Despite notable progress, significant challenges remain in optimizing the mechanical properties of bioinks, enhancing vascularization, and mimicking the dynamic physiological environment of bone tissue. The main objective of this study is to explore the technical challenges and opportunities in the construction of functional bone organoids through 3D bioprinting, aiming to provide insights into future directions for overcoming these obstacles and improving bone tissue regeneration applications.  

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bone organoids
Bioink
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Tissue engineering
Vascularization
Funding
This publication is partially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Approval number: 82060394), Lanzhou University Undergraduate Education and Teaching Level Improvement Cultivation Project (Project number: lzuyxcx-2022-92), and Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (Project number: 2020-RC-45).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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