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RESEARCH ARTICLE

3D-printed devices for optimized generation of cold atmospheric plasma to improve decontamination of surfaces from respiratory pathogens

Asma Bouazizi1,2 ,  Klára Obrová1 ,  Eva Vaňková3,4 ,  Anna Machková3 ,  Josef Khun3 ,  Romana Hadravová5 ,  Jan Hodek5 ,  Lucie Ulrychová5,6 ,  Abdelhalim Trabelsi2 ,  Jan Weber5 ,  Leonardo Zampieri7 ,  Fabio Avino8 ,  Ivo Furno8 ,  Vladimír Scholtz3* ,  Thomas Lion1,9*
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1 St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
2 Research Laboratory of Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
3 Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
4 Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
5 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
6 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Faculty of Sciences, Czech Republic
7 Department of Physics, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
8 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
9 Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
IJB, 3679 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.3679
Submitted: 16 May 2024 | Accepted: 11 July 2024 | Published: 28 August 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology is instrumental in creating devices for biological applications, including the exploitation of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). CAP, a partially ionized gas that functions at ambient temperatures, serves as a safe, inexpensive, and effective tool for the inactivation of various pathogens on different surfaces. In this study, we compared three different 3D-printed devices with respect to their ability to provide optimized CAP compositions effective against select respiratory viruses (SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus) and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is associated with serious lung diseases. The transmission of respiratory pathogens via surface contamination may pose a serious health threat, thus highlighting the biological importance of the current study. The properties of a prototype 3D-printed CAP-generating device and two optimized versions were characterized by detecting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in a gaseous environment via infrared spectroscopy and analyzing the composition of the reactive compounds. The virucidal effects of CAP were examined by determining virus infectivity and particle integrity. The bactericidal effect was documented by viability testing and visualization via transmission electron microscopy. The findings indicate that optimization of the 3D-printed devices for CAP production yielded an environment with relatively high amounts of RONS (O3, N2O, NO2, and H2O2), reducing the exposure time required for inactivation of respiratory pathogens by approximately 50%. In addition to reducing infectivity and viability, CAP treatment led to the destruction of viral nucleic acids and physical damage to bacterial cells. Owing to its flexibility and easy implementation, optimized CAP generated by 3D-printed devices provides an attractive inactivation method adaptable for different biological applications, including surface decontamination from viral and bacterial pathogens.   

Keywords
3D-printed devices
Adenovirus
Disinfection
Influenza A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Reactive oxygen species
Rhinovirus
SARS-CoV-2
Funding
This study was supported by the FWF I 5293-B/GACR GF21-39019 L grant and by the National Institute Virology and Bacteriology project (Programme EXCELES; Project No. LX22NPO5103), funded by the European Union (EU) under the Next Generation EU initiative.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.
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