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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of lattice type on biomechanical and osseointegration properties of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds

Jiantao Liu1 ,  Kao Wang2 ,  Runqing Wang3 ,  Zhanhai Yin1 ,  Xiaoling Zhou1 ,  Aofei Xu4 ,  Xiwei Zhang4 ,  Yiming Li4 ,  Ruiyan Wang4 ,  Shuyuan Zhang4 ,  Jun Cheng5 ,  Weiguo Bian1 ,  Jia Li1 ,  Zhiwei Ren1 ,  Mengyuan Sun1 ,  Yin Yang6* ,  Dezhi Wang7* ,  Jing Ren1*
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1 Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
2 Medical School of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
3 Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
4 Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
5 Shaanxi Key laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
6 Department of Orthopedics, Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
7 Anesthesiology Department, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
IJB 2024, 10(2), 1698 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1698
Submitted: 28 August 2023 | Accepted: 24 October 2023 | Published: 8 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in 3D Bioprinting Applied to Musculoskeletal Tissues)
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Porous structure is an efficient tool for optimizing the elastic modulus and osseointegration properties of titanium alloy materials. However, the investigations on pore shape remain scarce. In this study, we created porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds with a pore size of 600 μm but different lattices (cubic pentagon, diamond, cuboctahedron). The mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds were investigated in static simulation analysis, in vitro mechanical compression test, computational fluid dynamics, as well as cell and animal experiments. The results demonstrated that the calculated yield strength difference between the three Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds was negligible, at approximately 140 MPa, allowing them to match the strength requirements of human bones. The diamond scaffold has the lowest calculated elastic modulus (11.6 GPa), which is conducive for preventing stress shielding. The shear stress was largely concentrated in the diamond scaffold, and the stress range of 120–140 MPa accounted for the greatest share. The mouse MC3T3-E1 cells were found to attach to all three scaffolds, with the diamond scaffold displaying a higher degree of cell adherence. There was more proliferating cells on the diamond and cubic pentagon scaffolds than on the cuboctahedron scaffolds (P < 0.05). The diamond scaffold exhibited the highest alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium salt accumulation in cell differentiation tests. Besides, the expression of osteogenic genes on the diamond scaffold was higher than that on the cuboctahedron scaffold, the cubic pentagon scaffold displaying the lowest expression. The in vivo studies revealed that all three scaffolds fused well with the surrounding bone and that there was no loosening or movement of the prosthesis. Micro-computed tomography, corroborated by the staining results of hard tissues, revealed that the level of new bone formation was the highest in the diamond scaffold, followed by the cuboctahedron scaffold (P < 0.05). Taken together, the diamond scaffold is comparatively better at optimizing the elastic modulus and osseointegration properties of titanium alloy materials, and thus is a preferred choice for porous design.

Keywords
Titanium
Porous structure
Lattice
Biomechanics
Osseointegration
Funding
This work was financially supported by Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province-General Project (2022GY-390), Health and Family Planning Commission of Shaanxi Province (2022E001), General Cultivation Project of Xi’an Municipal Health Commission (2022ms02), Shaanxi Natural Science Basic Research Foundation (2021JM-276), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (2023-YBGY-488), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (52271249).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interest.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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