AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 11 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.36922/ijb.4995
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Polydopamine-modified 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffolds for promoting bone regeneration

Qian Zhong1 ,  Shuai Huang2 ,  Weihua Huang2, 3, 4, 5 ,  Hengpeng Wu1 ,  Yang Wang2 ,  Zhenyu Wen1 ,  Huinan Yin2 ,  Yixiao Wang1 ,  Weikang Xu3,5* ,  Qingde Wa1*
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1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
3 Medical Materials and Engineering Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital (Qingyuan People’s Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
5 National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangdong Chinese Medicine Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
IJB 2025, 11(1), 418–438; https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.4995
Submitted: 29 September 2024 | Accepted: 25 December 2024 | Published: 26 December 2024
© 2024 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the most widely used three-dimensional (3D) printing materials with excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, its hydrophobic nature hinders cell adhesion and proliferation. Polydopamine (PDA) has been shown to promote proliferation and induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on polymer surfaces. Despite this, the impact of varying PDA coating thicknesses on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs has been minimally explored. In this paper, PCL scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing technology, and PDA-coated PCL scaffolds (PDA-PCL-0, PDA-PCL-3, PDA-PCL-6, PDA-PCL-24) were prepared by immersing the scaffolds in an aqueous dopamine solution for fixed time points (0, 3, 6, 24 h) under constant shaking. The scaffolds were characterized and subjected to physicochemical performance tests to evaluate their effects on BMSC proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. The results showed that PDA-PCL-6 scaffolds exhibited significant immunomodulatory properties, promoting BMSC proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation more effectively than the other groups. In vivo validation experiments, including micro-computed tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical analysis of bone morphologenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and type I collagen (COL-I), confirmed that PDA-PCL-6 scaffolds significantly enhanced bone regeneration, histocompatibility, and hemocompatibility compared to uncoated scaffolds at 1, 2, and 3 months postoperation. In conclusion, our results indicate that a PDA coating obtained through 6-h immersion significantly enhances the biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties of PCL scaffolds, providing a promising strategy for bone defect repair.  

Graphical abstract
Keywords
3D printing
Bone regeneration
Polycaprolactone
Polydopamine
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000964, 82160577), the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Project (2024A1515012265, 2020B1111560001, and 2022A1515140193), the Program for Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province, Qiankehe Platform Talents ([2021] 5613), the Key Program for Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province (ZK [2021] 007), the GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development (2022GDASZH- 2022020402-01, 2022GDASZH-2022010110, 2 0 2 0 G D A S Z H - 2 0 2 2 0 3 0 6 0 4 - 0 1 , a n d 2023GDASZH-2023010102).
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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